For a better understanding of the functions of circRNAs, firstly, the functions of their host genes should be focused. However, the functional mechanisms of circRNA are both complex and controversial. However, there is no clear evidence explaining the underlying regulatory mechanism of blind-side hypermelanosis especially regarding the regulation of non-coding RNA (ncRNA).Įvidence gathered over the past decade suggests that circular RNAs (circRNAs) as endogenous ncRNAs play crucial roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic cells ( Memczak et al., 2013 Ebbesen et al., 2017). Numerous key genes associated with blind-side hypermelanosis phenotype have been screened and identified, and single-nucleotide polymorphism mutations were detected in transcriptional level in flatfishes ( Peng et al., 2020 Li et al., 2021a Zhang et al., 2021). The high proportion of hypermelanic individuals in production populations combined with their high area ratio of hypermelanosis has emerged as a major concern for fish farmers and consumers, as this yields an inferior product and substantially lower profit ( Li et al., 2021a Li et al., 2021b). However, under commercial production environments, the coat color of the blind side is prone to pigment staining, which is referred to as blind-side hypermelanosis. Then, the body color of ocular and blind side exhibited as black-brown and pure white respectively in the wild. In the larvae stage, flatfishes undergo a morphological metamorphosis toward an asymmetric body plan (both eyes on the same side) to adapt the benthic dwelling lifestyle ( Chen et al., 2014 Fox et al., 2018 Lü et al., 2021). These interesting results extend the understanding of the functional profile of circRNAs and yield valuable insights into the molecular regulatory mechanisms of hypermelanosis in flatfish.Ĭhinese tongue sole ( Cynoglossus semilaevis) is an indigenous flatfish species with high economic value in China. Several GO terms and pathways of biological significance were identified and well addressed the generation of blind-side hypermelanosis to some extent. Furthermore, circRNA host genes and mRNAs involved in ceRNA network were subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses. A total of 73 differentially expressed circRNAs were identified, and the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network was constructed. In this study, to profile the circRNA expression pattern and circRNA-microRNA-messenger RNA (mRNA) network, high-throughput sequencing was performed by using blind-side normal and hypermelanotic skins of tongue sole. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of circRNAs involved in flatfish blind-side hypermelanosis remain unclear. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) as endogenous non-coding RNAs have been acknowledged to play important roles in various biological processes.
3Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, Chinaīlind-side hypermelanosis is an emerging concern across the flatfish aquaculture industry including Chinese tongue sole ( Cynoglossus semilaevis).2National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
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